Cores/threads
Cores and threads go hand in hand. Multi-core processors are single chips that contain two or more distinct processors or execution cores in the same integrated circuit. Multi-threading allows each core to work on two tasks at once, thereby letting you do more things simultaneously, producing faster, more efficient results. Now your computer can keep up with even your heaviest multitasking.
As per this understanding, Core 2 Duo will have dual processor with capabale of running 2 X 2 threads
Dual core processor will have dual processor with capable of running 1 X 2 threads
Intel® Smart Cache
Cache is a fast storage area where the processor places frequently accessed data. Smart Cache is Intel’s performance-maximized data storage. It allows each processor core to dynamically utilize up to 100% of available cache and obtain data from the cache at higher throughput rates. By keeping more data closer to the processor for fast execution, overall performance is improved. This is of particular benefit when running rich media titles and games, as well as everyday productivity applications.
Intel Tubo Boost Technology
Available on select models of the all new 2010 Intel® Core™ processor family, Intel® Turbo Boost Technology dynamically redirects power and accelerates performance to match your workload. Previously, unused portions of the chip would be “turned off,” leaving some cores idle. Intel® Turbo Boost Technology reroutes that unused performance to the cores that are active, boosting their performance without wasting power. As a result, you automatically get extra performance whenever you need it, and increased energy efficiency when you don’t.
Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology
Available on all new 2010 Intel® Core™ processor family, Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology delivers more efficient use of processor resources and improved performance on multithreaded software. This allows you to run demanding desktop applications simultaneously while maintaining system responsiveness. For example, Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology helps multimedia enthusiasts create, edit and encode graphically intensive files while running background applications, such as virus protection software, without compromise to performance.
http://www.intel.com/technology/product/demos/multi/demo.htm?iid=tech_multi-core+body_demo
Running applications simultaneously which are of nature:
-- Multiple threaded applications
-- Multiple applications
Intels HT technology enables two threads to be processed in a single processor, allowing parallel partial execution. Ex. thread1 and thead2 are processed in a single processor simultaneously and output are provided simultaneously. This requries HT enabled chipset.
Dual core processors enable two threads to be fully processed in parallel in their own processor cores. Similarly Quad core allows four threads to be processed in parallel simultaneously.
HT on multicore processors allows twice as many threads to be processed in parallel.
20091112
20091029
storage disks, io, performance, throughput - SATA,SAS,iSCSI,FC
Disk drives
SATA
http://www.sata-io.org/technology/why_sata.asp
Data transfer rate - Direct SATA - Internally connected
I 1.5 gigabits per second (150 MB/s)
II 3.0 gigabits per second (300 MB/s)
III 6.0 gigabits per second (600 MB/s)
eSATA - External SATA
http://www.sata-io.org/technology/esata.asp
http://www.sata-io.org/images/eSATA-logo-1.5Gbs_Color.gif
Comparison of Interface speeds and data transfer rates for external disk drive interfaces
USB2 1394 Serial
Raw Interface Speed 480Mbps 400Mbps 1500Mbps
Benchmark Comparison 64K read 31.6 MB/sec 34.8MB/sec 42.4MB/sec
Benchmark comparison 64K write 26.5 MB/sec 26.7MB/sec 56.2MB/sec
Burst Transfer Rate 33.5MB/sec 36.2MB/sec 111.3MB/sec
Superior Link Utilization: Today, an average hard drive operating off its rotating media
(not its cache) might sustain 80 MB/s, a figure much lower than the theoretical maximum
throughput of ~600 MB/s offered by SATA 6Gb/s. With support for up to 15
drives, SATA’s unique port multiplier capabilities enable users to aggregate multiple
drives behind a single SATA port in order to fully utilize host link capacity. In this way,
data across several drives appears as a single logical bank of data. Port multipliers help
to relieve storage bottlenecks, especially in applications such as entry-level servers and
high-bandwidth applications like video post-production.
SAS
http://www.scsita.org/aboutscsi/sas/SAS_roadmap.html
Ultra 320 SCSI
SAS I 3 Gbps
SAS II 6 Gbps ( back ward compatible) - at present
SAS III 12Gbps
1. What is the definition of Serial Attached SCSI?
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is the logical evolution of SCSI that satisfies the enterprise data center requirement for scalability, performance, reliability and manageability, while leveraging a common electrical and physical interface with Serial ATA (SATA). This compatibility provides users with unprecedented choices for server and storage subsystem deployment.
2. Why was Serial Attached SCSI developed?
was developed to address I/O and direct attach storage requirements that traditional parallel SCSI cannot meet. It provides universal interconnect with SATA, while offering logical SCSI compatibility along with SCSI reliability, performance and manageability.
http://www.scsita.org/aboutscsi/sas/STA_6G_SAS.pdf
Some of the benchmark results are here
Access Time: 7.6 ms
Max Read: 141.6 MB/s Min Read: 54.5 MB/s Average Read: 119.6 MB/s
SAS System:
Access Time: 5.8 ms
Max Read: 196.0 MB/s Min Read: 117.9 MB/s Average Read: 172.1 MB
SATA WD Caviar Black 1TB Drive:
Access Time: 12.5 ms
Max Read: 108.6 MB/s Min Read: 52.9 MB/s Average Read: 85.1 MB/s
Disk enclosures/Storage
iSCSI
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3720
still to come.... wait for this.
SATA
http://www.sata-io.org/technology/why_sata.asp
Data transfer rate - Direct SATA - Internally connected
I 1.5 gigabits per second (150 MB/s)
II 3.0 gigabits per second (300 MB/s)
III 6.0 gigabits per second (600 MB/s)
eSATA - External SATA
http://www.sata-io.org/technology/esata.asp
http://www.sata-io.org/images/eSATA-logo-1.5Gbs_Color.gif
Comparison of Interface speeds and data transfer rates for external disk drive interfaces
USB2 1394 Serial
Raw Interface Speed 480Mbps 400Mbps 1500Mbps
Benchmark Comparison 64K read 31.6 MB/sec 34.8MB/sec 42.4MB/sec
Benchmark comparison 64K write 26.5 MB/sec 26.7MB/sec 56.2MB/sec
Burst Transfer Rate 33.5MB/sec 36.2MB/sec 111.3MB/sec
Superior Link Utilization: Today, an average hard drive operating off its rotating media
(not its cache) might sustain 80 MB/s, a figure much lower than the theoretical maximum
throughput of ~600 MB/s offered by SATA 6Gb/s. With support for up to 15
drives, SATA’s unique port multiplier capabilities enable users to aggregate multiple
drives behind a single SATA port in order to fully utilize host link capacity. In this way,
data across several drives appears as a single logical bank of data. Port multipliers help
to relieve storage bottlenecks, especially in applications such as entry-level servers and
high-bandwidth applications like video post-production.
SAS
http://www.scsita.org/aboutscsi/sas/SAS_roadmap.html
Ultra 320 SCSI
SAS I 3 Gbps
SAS II 6 Gbps ( back ward compatible) - at present
SAS III 12Gbps
1. What is the definition of Serial Attached SCSI?
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is the logical evolution of SCSI that satisfies the enterprise data center requirement for scalability, performance, reliability and manageability, while leveraging a common electrical and physical interface with Serial ATA (SATA). This compatibility provides users with unprecedented choices for server and storage subsystem deployment.
2. Why was Serial Attached SCSI developed?
was developed to address I/O and direct attach storage requirements that traditional parallel SCSI cannot meet. It provides universal interconnect with SATA, while offering logical SCSI compatibility along with SCSI reliability, performance and manageability.
http://www.scsita.org/aboutscsi/sas/STA_6G_SAS.pdf
Results
SCSI System:Access Time: 7.6 ms
Max Read: 141.6 MB/s Min Read: 54.5 MB/s Average Read: 119.6 MB/s
SAS System:
Access Time: 5.8 ms
Max Read: 196.0 MB/s Min Read: 117.9 MB/s Average Read: 172.1 MB
SATA WD Caviar Black 1TB Drive:
Access Time: 12.5 ms
Max Read: 108.6 MB/s Min Read: 52.9 MB/s Average Read: 85.1 MB/s
Disk enclosures/Storage
MD3000/MD3000i - DELL
MD3000i 48MB/s - throughput
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3720
still to come.... wait for this.
20090818
Windows File Extension details
http://filext.com/alphalist.php
Do honor the copy rights of the owner. Do not copy/paste from the above link.
Do honor the copy rights of the owner. Do not copy/paste from the above link.
Cisco - Router Time based QOS with ACL
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
! Time based QOS with acl on Cisco Routers
!
! Comments : rajshekar.j@gmail.com
! The following examples allows you to create QOS on both interface
! of gateway router. With this QOS you will be able to dedicated minimum
! amount of bandwidth to end users and allow them to peak if free bandwidth
! is available also include a time range during which you can increase their
! bandwidth to a greater extent. We have defined two range time range - time_high
! and time_low. During Time range time_high, end users will be given higher
! bandwidth and during time range time_low, end user will be having a very
! lower bandwidth
! We have tested this on Cisco Router with two ethernet interfaces.
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------
!
! time ranges are defined here.
time-range time_high
periodic weekdays 08:00 to 20:00
time-range time_low
periodic weekdays 20:01 to 07:59
!
!Access control lists for both inbound traffic and outbound are defined here
!Fastethernet 0/0 - External facing interface
ip access-list extended acl_inbound_high
permit ip any host time-range time_high
!
ip access-list extended acl_inbound_low
permit ip any host time-range time_low
!
! Fastthernet 0/1 - Internal facing interface
ip access-list extended acl_outbound_high
permit ip host any time-range time_high
!
ip access-list extended acl_outbound_low
permit ip host any time-range time_low
!
!
!class map for inbound traffic are defined here.
class-map match-all class_high-in
match access-group name acl_inbound_high
class-map match-all class_low-in
match access-group name acl_inbound_low
!
!
!Policy map - QOS for inbound traffic
policy map QOS-in
class class_high-in
bandwidth 1024
shape average 1024000
class class_low-in
bandwidth 64
shape average 64000
!
! class map for outbound traffic are defined here.
!
class-map match-all class_high-out
match access-group name acl_outbound_high
class-map match-all class_low-out
match access-group name acl_outbound_low
!
!
!Policy map - QOS for outbound traffic
policy map QOS-out
class class_high-out
bandwidth 1024
shape average 1024000
class class_low-out
bandwidth 64
shape average 64000
!
! Do not forget to apply this QOS policies on outbound traffic of both interfaces of router.
! Time based QOS with acl on Cisco Routers
!
! Comments : rajshekar.j@gmail.com
! The following examples allows you to create QOS on both interface
! of gateway router. With this QOS you will be able to dedicated minimum
! amount of bandwidth to end users and allow them to peak if free bandwidth
! is available also include a time range during which you can increase their
! bandwidth to a greater extent. We have defined two range time range - time_high
! and time_low. During Time range time_high, end users will be given higher
! bandwidth and during time range time_low, end user will be having a very
! lower bandwidth
! We have tested this on Cisco Router with two ethernet interfaces.
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------
!
! time ranges are defined here.
time-range time_high
periodic weekdays 08:00 to 20:00
time-range time_low
periodic weekdays 20:01 to 07:59
!
!Access control lists for both inbound traffic and outbound are defined here
!Fastethernet 0/0 - External facing interface
ip access-list extended acl_inbound_high
permit ip any host
!
ip access-list extended acl_inbound_low
permit ip any host
!
! Fastthernet 0/1 - Internal facing interface
ip access-list extended acl_outbound_high
permit ip host
!
ip access-list extended acl_outbound_low
permit ip host
!
!
!class map for inbound traffic are defined here.
class-map match-all class_high-in
match access-group name acl_inbound_high
class-map match-all class_low-in
match access-group name acl_inbound_low
!
!
!Policy map - QOS for inbound traffic
policy map QOS-in
class class_high-in
bandwidth 1024
shape average 1024000
class class_low-in
bandwidth 64
shape average 64000
!
! class map for outbound traffic are defined here.
!
class-map match-all class_high-out
match access-group name acl_outbound_high
class-map match-all class_low-out
match access-group name acl_outbound_low
!
!
!Policy map - QOS for outbound traffic
policy map QOS-out
class class_high-out
bandwidth 1024
shape average 1024000
class class_low-out
bandwidth 64
shape average 64000
!
! Do not forget to apply this QOS policies on outbound traffic of both interfaces of router.
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